3D printing and its role in historical instrument copies

By admin - September 19, 2024
Have you ever considered 3D printing, and how it can be used to make copies of historical instruments?

Article by Isobel Howard-Cordone

3D printing has become more and more significant over the last few years; it is an invaluable asset in many scientific fields, which can also be applied to various musical endeavours, such as creating copies of historical instruments. I’d like to share my experience with creating 3D copies, and explain why I think it is very a relevant and fascinating topic!

Creating historical copies with 3D printing requires a lot of knowledge, because many factors must be considered in order to be successful: the materials, the 3D template, the type of printing, and of course the original model on which to base the copy. Having an accurate and detailed source (where possible) is essential for a successful replica; in this respect, museums often have technical drawings available, or otherwise they can be visited in person to get direct measurements of the instruments. It’s always a good idea to choose an instrument where ample details are available in order to make the 3D modelling process easier, to avoid guesswork and to reduce possible errors!

While all instruments have the potential to be reproduced by 3D printing technology, each instrument has its own complexity and acoustic construction that needs to be studied carefully. My journey with 3D-printed instruments began when I started learning the baroque oboe and happened to meet instrument makers who used this new technology.

3D copy of a taille d’hautbois, made by F. Xiccato.

Traditionally, instruments such as strings, woodwinds, and keyboards are made from wood, which is an extremely complex and dynamic organic material. Wood is usually characterised as being anisotropic, meaning that its properties differ based on the direction of its fibres. It is also a highly porous material and absorbs humidity very well. So, what modern materials could be used faithfully replicate a wooden instrument from the 1700s?

Most 3D printers use polymers, or plastics – a category of materials exhibiting a vast range of diverse properties. The material choice is limited by several factors: cost, toxicity, availability, as well as compatibility with various methods of 3D printing. Certain polymers are ideal candidates for this purpose as they have properties which closely imitate wood, with one of the most common being Nylon (Polyamide). It has the advantages of being lightweight, hygroscopic and has excellent resistance; it’s also very compatible with 3D printers.

Next comes one of the most important step: creating a 3D template. Doing so requires both technical knowledge and proficiency in various computer programs, and it certainly helps to have also an understanding of the fundamentals of acoustics. This step involves using the available instrument measurements, making estimates, and translating this information to machine readable models.

Once the template is ready to print, it’s necessary to consider which 3D printing method may be the most suitable for the project. And here it is often a process of trial and error – a successful replica may require many further reviews and attempts before arriving at a satisfactory result.

So how do 3D instruments contribute to the musical landscape? Most importantly, they enable us to make copies of existing historical instruments and give us the chance to physically play them! This is very exciting if combined with a musical context from that period. As a musician specialised in early music, I’ve often been surprised (both positively and negatively) by how the copies sounded and the comparison with results from modern instruments. Being able to examine and analyse an instrument on such a practical level can give incredible insight into historical performance practises.

Another advantage is the great flexibility allowed by 3D printing. Once the 3D template is made, it can be easily scaled, adjusted and modified, something which would be very difficult to do with traditional instruments. This gives the freedom to further explore and improve the instrument, as well as experiment on a practical level (for example, changing the diapason by scaling the dimensions).

Drawing with measurements of an oboe top joint, from the Bate Collection, Oxford.

Last but not least, 3D printing offers advantages in terms of reduction of time and cost. Once a template is finalised, several instruments can be made, resulting in a very cost-effective process. The materials used are cheaper and more accessible compared to the wood of a traditional instrument. This is an extremely important element to consider, especially when dealing with types of wood that are protected or very difficult to obtain.

In my opinion, the technique of 3D printing should never be considered as a competitor or replacement for traditional instrument construction – instead it can be thought of as a powerful tool to enable us to increase our knowledge on historical instruments and experiment without interfering with the original models. I believe this is an area which has a lot of room for growth and development, and I hope to see exciting new projects emerge!

The magic of summer and Theresia’s auditions

By Emilia Campagna - May 18, 2023
The magic of summer? The chance to travel and gain new experiences. How about adding a new orchestral experience to your CV? Theresia invites young musicians to join the orchestra and audition. Find out more about the next auditions taking place this summer!

The magic of summer? The chance to travel and gain new experiences. How about adding a new orchestral experience to your CV? Theresia invites young musicians to join the orchestra and audition. Find out more about the next auditions taking place this summer!

Summer is a magical time: it is the time of year to travel, to see new places, to gain new experiences. It is also a time to recharge batteries! For us at Theresia, summer also means auditions as we look for new musicians to join the orchestra. For some years now, we have met many fantastic young period instrument players during the summer who all have one thing in common: they want to add value to their CV with a new orchestral experience that crosses borders. Why? Maybe they heard about it from colleagues, teachers or listened to some of our concerts online.  Most of all, they realised that at Theresia you can do something that is not so common: play classical repertoire on period instruments.

Theresia’s auditions in Salzburg

Here some more details:

Theresia’s next auditions take place from 13 to 15 July and we’re looking for trumpets, timpani, oboes, horns, bassoons, and string instruments. The application deadline is Thursday 8 June.  Just like last year, auditions are organised in partnership with the Mozarteum University and will take place in Salzburg, in Austria at the beautiful Schloss Frohnburg.

Who can audition?

Any emerging period instrumentalist can join Theresia. However, there are some mandatory requirements you should know about. You need to be under 28 – born either on or after 1 January 1995 – and all candidates should be being citizens of the European Union or of the European Economic Area. Non-EU citizens may apply if they hold a residence permit for study in one of the EU countries. Candidates must have in-depth knowledge of performance practice on authentic instruments and must use period instruments or copies of them. During auditions, the use of the classical bow for strings and classical instruments for winds is mandatory.​

What’s on offer?

Candidates who will be selected are offered a grant of €3000, allowing them to participate in up to five projects or so called residencies, in the period from August 2023 to November 2024. Musicians are specifically invited to participate in the learning and artistic activities of Theresia Orchestra such as the orchestral residencies, chamber music academies, and specialised workshops to improve skills and gain more experience in the performance of symphonic and chamber music repertoire of the Classical Era on period instruments. This includes the participation in the concerts and recording activities which are scheduled at the end of each orchestral residency or chamber music academy, as well as the active participation in Theresia Academy’s educational activities such as the capacity building sessions, development of soft-skills, co-creation workshops, musicological seminars.

Want to know more? Download the full application form! We can’t wait to hear from you to get involved in Theresia!

Everything you wanted to know about
gut strings, but were afraid to ask

By Léna Ruisz - November 15, 2022
When a curious violinist begins to explore historical performance practice, gut strings are one of the first topics to come up. Let's find more in the post of Theresia's Ambassadress Léna Ruisz

Read the post in German
Read the post in Hungarian

When a curious violinist begins to explore historical performance practice, gut strings are one of the first topics to come up. Before the era of metal strings, musicians used a material that may surprise the uninitiated: as early as the Egyptian Dynasty, strings were made with intestines from sheep, cattle or other animals. The first violins and their predecessors bore four pure gut strings; it was not until the end of the 16th century that the G strings were wound with silver or copper wire to produce a richer, more resonant sound. The arrangement with one wound and three pure gut strings remained standard for a long time, until about three centuries later, when the technology for making a sufficiently thin wire to wind the D string was invented. The A-string was the last of the four strings to be changed from pure to wound gut – Pirastro developed the first wound aluminium gut A-string in 1951. Because of their thin gauge, gut E strings were never wound, and pure gut strings were used well into the twentieth century. The appearance of the first steel E-string is dated to around 1910, but it only became popular after the Second World War, when sheep gut started to be in short supply.

Choosing the right strings for the instrument requires a lot of experimentation and highly probable E-string snap in the face when playing, but the reward is great – a sweet, vibrant sound favoured by great artists like Pablo Casals and Kreisler. If you think of Eugene Ysaÿe‘s solo sonatas for violin for instance, you may want to bear in mind that he was the last world-famous violinist to play on gut E, A and D strings throughout his active career. Even Jascha Heifetz, one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, claimed that the only way to produce a truly personal sound on the violin was to use gut strings – or at least a mixture of them; he chose a silver wound gut G string, an unwound D and A string and a steel E string. Just imagine, all the great violin concertos, like the ones by Mendelssohn, Beethoven and Brahms, were written for gut strings!
However, they come at a price – they are much more “alive” than their metal colleagues; one has to get to know them very well to achieve the “sweet and personal sound” mentioned above. For that reason, let us now discuss some of the most fundamental questions on this topic!

How should I store them?

The arch-enemy of gut string is humidity. Be sure to keep them in an airtight place – the original plastic packaging in the pocket of the violin case is a great choice.

How to take care of my strings?

Properly stored gut strings require no special care. However, if the weather is exceptionally dry, a few drops of almond or olive oil applied to the strings overnight can make a big difference in avoiding the annoying buzzing and whistling that such conditions often cause. I always carry a small bottle of oil with me, just in case.

Should I pre-stretch them?

Speaking from experience, a used or properly pre-stretched string can prove very useful in the event of a string emergency. Spohr suggests in chapter 3 of his Violinschule (1833) to stretch the upper three strings on a spare violin by winding them slowly up to the note C5 and leaving them overnight. This method has worked wonderfully for me; with a slight modification on the top string – I tune it to D5 instead.

A great piece of advice from Spohr

There are tiny frays on the string — what to do with it?

On the E string, there is a possibility that they may predict a string snap, but in general they are not a reason to be worried. However, it is advisable to trim them with a small pair of hand scissors or nail clippers so that the fingers do not make them bigger. Frequent oiling of the strings can prevent this from happening. If string breaks are suspiciously frequent, it’s worth checking the tiny (often bone) part between the fingerboard and the peg box; sometimes a small but sharp edge of the top nut can weaken or cut the strings.

Any special care while tuning?

Yes! The baroque violin (or classical violin) has no fine tuners, so all adjustments must be made with the pegs. This can mean extra tension and more movement – before you put on a new string, take a 2B pin and rub the groove on the bridge and also the groove leading into the pegbox. This ensures that the string can move freely without pulling the bridge to an angle that could cause the violin to break if it falls. Check the angle and position of the bridge frequently!

How do I put up a new string?

During our last workshop with the Theresa Ambassadresses, we decided to make a video about it – watch it on our YouTube channel and let us know if you found it useful!


 

German version


Alles, was du schon immer über Darmsaiten wissen wolltest, aber nie zu fragen gewagt hast

Wenn neugierige Violinisten anfangen, sich mit historischer Aufführungspraxis zu beschäftigen, ist das Thema der Darmsaiten eines der ersten Themen, dem sie begegnen.

Vor der Entwicklung der Metallsaiten verwendeten Musiker ein Material, das die Neulinge überraschen könnte: schon in der ägyptischen Dynastie wurden Saiten aus Därmen von Schafen, Rindern oder anderen Tieren hergestellt. Die ersten Geigen und ihre Vorgänger waren mit vier Darmsaiten besetzt; erst gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts wurden die G-Saiten mit Silber- oder Kupferdraht umsponnen, um einen reicheren, volleren Klang zu produzieren. Die Kombination aus einer umsponnenen und drei reinen Darmsaiten blieb lange Zeit Standard, bis etwa drei Jahrhunderte später die Technik zur Herstellung eines ausreichend dünnen Drahtes zum Umspannen der D-Saite erfunden wurde. Die A-Saite war die letzte der vier Saiten, die von der reinen auf die umsponnene Darmsaite umgestellt wurde – Pirastro entwickelte 1951 die erste umsponnene Darm-A-Saite mit Aluminium. Wegen ihrer geringen Stärke wurden E-Darmsaiten nie umgewickelt, und reine Darmsaiten wurden bis weit ins zwanzigste Jahrhundert hinein verwendet. Das Erscheinen der ersten E-Saite aus Stahl wird auf etwa 1910 datiert, aber sie wurde erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg populär, als Schafsdarm Mangelware war.

Die richtigen Saiten für das Instrument zu finden, erfordert viel Experimentieren, aber die Mühe lohnt sich – ein strahlender, lebendiger Klang, der von großen Künstlern wie Pablo Casals und Kreisler bevorzugt wurde. Wenn du zum Beispiel an Ysaÿes Solosonaten für Violine denkst, fällt dir vielleicht ein, dass er der letzte weltberühmte Geiger war, der während seiner gesamten aktiven Karriere auf E-, A- und D-Saiten aus Darm spielte. Selbst Jascha Heifetz, einer der einflussreichsten Musiker des 20. Jahrhunderts, war auch der Meinung, dass die einzige Art und Weise, einen wirklich persönlichen Klang auf der Geige zu erzeugen, der Verwendung von Darmsaiten bedarf – oder zumindest in einer Mischung davon; er wählte eine silberumsponnene Darm-G-Saite, eine unumsponnene D- und A-Saite und eine E-Saite aus Stahl. Stell dir vor, alle großen Violinkonzerte, wie die von Mendelssohn, Beethoven und Brahms, wurden für Darmsaiten geschrieben!
Sie haben jedoch ihren Preis – sie sind viel “lebhafter” als ihre Kollegen aus Metall; man muss sie sehr gut kennen lernen, um den oben erwähnten “strahlender, lebendiger Klang” zu erreichen. Kommen wir deshalb nun zu einigen der grundlegendsten Fragen zu diesem Thema!

Wie sollte ich sie aufbewahren?

Der Hauptfeind der Darmsaiten ist die Feuchtigkeit. Bewahre sie unbedingt an einem luftdichten Ort auf – die Original-Plastikverpackung in der Tasche des Geigenkastens ist eine gute Wahl.

Wie soll ich meine Saiten pflegen?

Richtig gelagerte Darmsaiten benötigen keine besondere Pflege. Wenn das Wetter allerdings außergewöhnlich trocken ist, können ein paar Tropfen Mandel- oder Olivenöl, die über Nacht auf die Saiten aufgetragen werden, einen großen Unterschied machen, um das lästige Schnarren und Pfeifen zu vermeiden, das unter solchen Bedingungen oft vorkommt. Ich habe immer ein kleines Fläschchen Öl bei mir, nur für den Fall.

Sollte ich die Saiten vorspannen?

Ich spreche aus Erfahrung, dass sich eine gebrauchte oder richtig vorgedehnte Saite im Falle eines Saitennotfalls als sehr nützlich erweisen kann. Spohr schlägt in seiner Violinschule (1833) vor, Saiten auf einer Ersatzgeige zu spannen, indem man sie langsam bis zum Ton C aufzieht und über Nacht liegen lässt. Ich habe diese Methode für die beiden oberen Saiten erfolgreich angewendet.

Die Saite hat winzige Fransen – was ist damit zu tun?

Bei der E-Saite besteht die Möglichkeit, dass sie einen Saitenriss vorhersagen, aber im Allgemeinen sind sie kein Grund zur Panik. Es ist jedoch empfehlenswert, sie mit einer kleinen Handschere oder einem Nagelknipser zu kürzen, damit die Finger sie nicht vergrößern. Häufiges Einölen der Saiten kann dies vermeiden.

Gibt es Besonderheiten beim Stimmen?

Ja! Die Barockgeige (oder klassische Geige) hat keine Feinstimmer, daher müssen alle Korrekturen mit den Wirbeln gemacht werden. Bevor du eine neue Saite aufziehst, nimm einen 2B-Stift und reibe die Rille am Steg und auch die Rille, die in den Wirbelkasten führt ein. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass sich die Saite frei bewegen kann, ohne den Steg in einen Winkel zu ziehen, der bei einem Sturz zum Bruch der Geige führen könnte. Überprüfe den Winkel und die Position des Steges regelmäßig!

Wie ziehe ich überhaupt eine neue Saite auf?

Während unseres letzten Workshops mit den Theresa-Ambasadresses haben wir entschieden, ein Video darüber zu machen – schau es dir auf unserem YouTube-Kanal an und lass uns wissen, ob es hilfreich für dich war!


 

Hungarian version


Minden, amit tudni akartál a bélhúrokról, de féltél megkérdezni

Amikor egy kíváncsi zenész elkezdi felfedezni a historikus előadási gyakorlatot, a bélhúrok helyes használata egy fontos téma, ami szóba kerül – az egyik első nagy különbség a modern és barokk hangszerek között.

A fémhúrok korszaka előtt a zenészek olyan anyagot használtak, amely meglepheti a beavatatlanokat: már az egyiptomi dinasztia idején birkák, szarvasmarhák vagy más állatok beleiből készítettek húrokat. Az első hegedűk és elődeik négy nyers bélhúrral rendelkeztek; csak a 16. század végén kezdték a G húrokat ezüst- vagy rézhuzallal megfonni, a gazdagabb, felhangdúsabb hangzás érdekében. Az egy fonott (G) és három tiszta bélhúr (D-A-E) kombinációja egészen három évszázaddal későbbig szabványos maradt; ekkor találták fel a D húr fonásához elegendő vékonyságú huzal előállításának technológiáját. Az A-húr volt az utolsó a négy húr közül, amelyet nyers bélhúrról fonott bélhúrra cseréltek – Pirastro 1951-ben fejlesztette ki az első fonott alumínium-bél A-húrt. A vékonyságuk miatt a bélből készült E-húrokat soha nem fonták, és a nyers bélhúrokat egészen a huszadik századig használták. Az első fém E-húr megjelenése 1910 körülre tehető, de csak a második világháború után vált népszerűvé, amikor a birkabélből hiánycikk lett.

A megfelelő húr kiválasztása a hangszerhez sok kísérletezést igényel, de nagyon megéri – sokszínű, egyéni hang lesz a fáradozás jutalma, amelyet olyan nagy művészek kedveltek, mint Pablo Casals vagy Fritz Kreisler. De gondolhatunk akár például Ysaÿe hegedűre írt szólószonátáira is; érdemes észben tartani, hogy ő volt az utolsó világhírű hegedűművész, aki aktív pályafutása során végig bélből készült E-, A- és D-húrokon játszott. Még Jascha Heifetz, a 20. század egyik legjelentősebb zenésze is azt állította, hogy a hangszeren csak úgy lehet igazán személyes hangzást elérni hogyha bélhúrokat használunk – vagy legalábbis ezek keverékét; ő ezüsttel fonott G-bélhúrt, és fonatlan D és A húrt, valamint egy fém E-húrt választott. Szédületes elképzelni, hogy az összes nagy hegedűversenyt, például Mendelssohn, Beethoven és Brahms hegedűversenyeit bélhúrokra írták!
Ennek azonban ára van – a bélhúrok anyagukból adódóan “élettelibbek” mint fémből készült társaik; nagyon jól meg kell ismerni őket ahhoz, hogy elérjük a fent említett sokszínű és személyes hangzást. Álljon tehát itt pár alapvető kérdés a témában!

Hogyan tároljam a húrjaimat?

A bélhúrok ősellensége a nedvesség és a pára. Mindenképpen tartsuk őket légmentesen zárva – az eredeti műanyag csomagolás a hegedűtok zsebében kiváló választás.

Hogyan gondoskodjak a húrokról?

A normál körülmények között tárolt húroknak nincs szükségük extra törődésre – kivéve, ha játék közben sípolni kezdenek a túl száraz levegő miatt; ebben az esetben néhány csepp olíva- vagy mandulaolaj jól jöhet. Én mindig tartok magamnál egy kis üvegcsét az ilyen esetekre; egy éjszakai olajfürdő a húrokon csodákra képes.

Érdemes bejátszani őket előre, akár még használat előtt?

Tapasztalatból mondom; egy előre bejátszott húr nagyon jó szolgálatot tud tenni egy vészhelyzetben. (mindenkinek van legalább egy hajmeresztő húrszakadás-története…) Louis Spohr, a 19. század egyik legjelentősebb tanár-zeneszerző-hegedűművésze 1833-ban írt Hegedűiskolája harmadik fejezetében ad egy érdekes tanácsot; egy használaton kívüli hangszeren érdemes a nyers bélhúrokat (tehát a D-, A-, E-húrokat) az egyvonalas C-hangra felhangolni, és éjszakára otthagyni. Ez a módszer nálam bevált; egy kis módosítással a felső húr esetében – én az E-húrt az egyvonalas D-re hangolom.

Pici foszlányok/szálak vannak a húron. Aggódjak?

Ha az E-húr kezd foszlani – talán. Sokszor egy hirtelen szakadást jeleznek ezek az apró szálak, főleg, ha direkt a vonó alatt, vagy a fogólap sokszor használt részén jelennek meg. Hogy ne szaladjanak tovább, egy körömolló vagy körömcsipesz segítségével érdemes lecsippenteni őket. A húrok gyakori olajozása megelőzheti ezt a problémát. Ha gyanúsan sokszor szakadnak a húrok, érdemes megvizsgálni a fogólap és a kulcstartó közötti pici (sokszor csont) részt, a nyerget; néha egy itt kilógó apró, de éles él gyengíti vagy vágja el a húrokat.

Mire figyeljek, ha hangolok?

A barokk (és klasszikus) hangszereknek nincsenek finomhangolói; csak a kulcsokat tudjuk használni. Ez veszélyes tud lenni az extra feszültség és nagyobb mozgástér miatt – fontos a hídon és a nyeregnél lévő barázdát alaposan begrafitozni egy minimum 2B-s ceruzával – így jobban fog csúszni a húr, és nem fogja magával húzni a hidat. Érdemes gyakran ellenőrizni a híd dőlésszögét és helyzetét, mert egy lecsapódó híd akár be is törheti a hegedű fedőlapját!

Tippek egy új húr felrakásához?

A legutóbbi Theresia-Workshopon úgy döntöttünk Anna-val és Luca-val, hogy készítünk erről egy videót – a YouTube-csatornánkon meg is nézheted – reméljük, hasznosnak találod!

Theresia’s team at the REMA conference

By Emilia Campagna - October 12, 2021
Two-day conference of round-table discussions and workshops to enhance knowledge, information and co-operations in the early music field.

Everybody knows that there’s strength in numbers: cooperating, being part of a network, sharing information are essential things in the communication age. We have such a thing in our musical world, thanks to REMA (Réseau Européen de Musique Ancienne) the most extensive network for Early Music in Europe. Created in 2000 in Ambronay (France) with an office in Versailles, its main aim is to act as a network for its members, encouraging the exchange of knowledge, information and co-operations in the early music field. Nowadays, Rema boasts a membership of 130 organizations in 23 countries. And now, Theresia is part of it: our orchestra joined the team thanks to the decision to open the membership to new categories of Early Music professionals, in order to represent the field’s full spectrum. Rema was born to represent musical institutions and Festivals, now it includes musicians, ensembles, scholars, promoters and record producers. The decision was an immediate success, and in 2021 25 new entities joined the network in 2021 for a trial year.

Being part of Rema is very important for Theresia: this allows us not only to broaden and share our network, but above all, to work together on important issues like audience engagement, promote a less performed repertoire and enhance performance on period instruments.

We recently took part in a conference that brought together more than 30 representatives of musical institutions from all over Europe: the first live event after the Covid emergency started. 

The two-day conference was very intense, with a busy schedule of round-table discussions and workshops, organized to actively engage all participants. In the first meeting, we had the chance to present Theresia Orchestra, explaining our system of scholarships and announcing our upcoming projects. In one of the workshops, we debated on REMA added value regarding the promotions of young professionals.

Then, a very extended round-table discussion focused on international globalization and on the “ecosystem” of early music’s world: it was a very interesting comparison of different points of view that pointed out how important it is to work on each “local” environment, especially with all the Covid-related constraints. Last but not least, we joined a workshop focused on drawing up a European cooperative project: obviously, it was a simulation, but a lot of ideas and issues came up.

The two days weren’t only devoted to discussions: we had the chance to listen to some very talented young musicians in live concerts hosted by the CCR Ambronay as part of the project EEEmerging, aimed at supporting young musicians from the early music field.

All the experience was incredibly stimulating: the challenges are many, but so were the ideas shared during the conference. We are looking forward to the new opportunities that being part of Rema will give us.