Forgotten viola

By Anna Krzyżak - August 30, 2022
Nowadays, violists struggle with finding a solo viola repertoire: our Ambassadress Anna Krzyżak lead us to the discovery of a viola virtuoso of the 18th century: Alessandro Rolla.

Discovering a viola virtuoso of the 18th century: Alessandro Rolla

Read the post in Polish

What would you answer if someone asked you how many major 18th-century viola pieces you know? If you had asked me this question a few years ago, I could have recalled probably three or four compositions. Nowadays, violists struggle with finding a solo viola repertoire from the 18th century, as I have in the past few years.

The only respected compositions are the two viola concertos – one composed by Carl Stamitz and the other one by Franz Anton Hoffmeister – and the Sinfonia Concertante for violin and viola by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Compared to the repertoire of the violin and cello, it is barely anything. Violinists shine performing concertos and sonatas composed by Mozart and Beethoven, as well as less known by Haydn. When you search deeper into the viola repertoire, you can find some pieces composed by Johann Nepomuk Hummel: a Fantasia for viola and orchestra and a viola sonata. But still, how often can one perform the same pieces?

The other problem with the 18th-century viola repertoire is its level of advancement. The compositions mentioned above are suitable for school and music academies’ students, while professionals cannot develop their technical skills any more. Of course, practising the same piece after a few months’ break brings huge profits, but there are no new challenges in these compositions – we always work on the same ones finding different solutions and paths, which is obviously extremely important, but it is still working on the same problems.

As we all know, in the past violinists played both instruments – the violin and the viola. There were musicians playing just the viola but unfortunately, they were not very good ones as we can read in many different sources. Even Johann Joachim Quantz wrote that the violinist who struggled too much with their instrument should focus on playing the viola, as the viola part in the orchestra is nothing compared to the violinist one.

On the other hand, we have Niccolo Paganini, who was probably one of the most famous virtuosos of all time. Even non-musicians know his name! But let’s say it – even if someone is incredibly talented he cannot learn everything on his own, he has to have a good teacher who will help him with new difficulties, and who will describe the topic well. Here comes the name of Paganini’s teacher – Alessandro Rolla (1757 – 1841).

Rolla was a virtuoso player, a composer and a conductor. He held a position of a leader and an artistic director of the La Scala Orchestra, which was offered to him in 1802. But he did not play the violin only, he played the viola as well! The fascinating thing about him is that he is supposed to have performed the very first viola concerto in the world! This life-changing event took place in 1772, and it was his very first public performance. While reading about Rolla you can find information that he composed some viola pieces and the first question that comes to your mind may be:

„Oh really? I have never heard any of them!” That is unfortunately true.

Alessandro Rolla composed 14 (sic!) viola concertos, plenty of sonatas for viola with other instruments such as the violin, cello or piano, and some small pieces for viola and orchestra (or string quartet) and also duos for two violas and violin and viola. This amount of compositions featuring the viola has not appeared in any other composer’s heritage ever since! Of course, one can ask: „So he composed many pieces for the viola, but maybe they are not worth playing?” Answers to this question can be found by some deeper research only.

When I was reading scores of his compositions and listening to very few existing recordings of his music, I realized that they were actually some of the best 18th-century viola compositions I had ever heard! They consist of many difficult passages and double stops, the melodies and harmonies are very interesting. You can find many beautiful and meaningful musical sentences there. I was shocked! When I got even deeper into the research, I found many similarities to Paganini’s pieces.

This made me think that maybe the inventor of Paganini’s virtuosic style was actually his teacher – Alessandro Rolla – and that Paganini simply developed Rolla’s ideas, making them even more difficult. I could not understand why modern musicians do not perform Rolla’s compositions. The sad thing is they are mostly available online as the handwriting of copyists, so sometimes it is not easy to read them and some of them are missing a page or two.

Alessandro Rolla’s compositions for viola are much more difficult than the two respected viola concertos mentioned at the very beginning of this article. Personally, I think that maybe his pieces were simply too difficult for violists at his time and the ones who lived later. As I wrote above, violinists played the viola as well, but they did not need to play viola difficult pieces as they already had violin ones. On the other hand, bad violists wouldn’t even be able to read them properly! Then, when Rolla and the musicians who knew him passed away, his music was left on the shelf and forgotten.

This is now our mission to give Alessandro Rolla’s music its second, well-deserved life!


 

Polish version


 

Zapomniana altówka

O nieznanym wirtuozie XVIII wieku

Co byście odpowiedzieli, gdyby ktoś was zapytał o dzieła altówkowe skomponowane w XVIII wieku? Ile ich znacie? Gdyby ktoś zadał mi to pytanie kilka lat temu, to najprawdopodobniej wspomniałabym o trzech lub czterech utworach. Obecnie altowioliści, tak jak i ja jakiś czas temu, mają trudność w znalezieniu repertuaru skomponowanego oryginalnie na ten instrument właśnie z tamtego okresu.

Jedynymi uznanymi utworami z okresu klasycyzmu są dwa koncerty altówkowe – jeden autorstwa Carla Stamitza, a drugi Franza Antona Hoffmeistra, oba w tonacji D-dur. Obok nich wymienia się Symfonię Koncertującą Wolfganga Amadeusza Mozarta na skrzypce i altówkę. Porównując tę ilość do repertuaru skrzypcowego czy wiolonczelowego, to jest to bardzo niewiele. Skrzypkowie lśnią, wykonując koncerty i sonaty Mozarta czy Beethovena, a także mniej znane dzieła Haydna. Rzadziej wykonywanymi, ale także znanymi kompozycjami altówkowymi epoki klasycyzmu są dwa dzieła pióra Johanna Nepomuka Hummla – Sonata oraz Fantasia. W dalszym ciągu jest to zaledwie pięć pozycji. Jak często jeden muzyk może wykonywać te same dzieła?

Kolejnym problemem repertuaru altówkowego z tamtego okresu jest ich poziom zaawansowania. Kompozycje wymienione powyżej są utworami wykonywanymi przez uczniów szkół muzycznych oraz studentów akademii, natomiast soliści i dojrzali muzycy najprawdopodobniej przepracowali te dzieła i odkryli już trudności w nich zawarte. Oczywiście, wracając do utworu po pewnym czasie odkrywamy nowe problemy, a wiele poprzednich aspektów wykonawczych nie sprawia nam już kłopotów. Ciągła praca nad tym samym materiałem muzycznym pozwala znaleźć nowe, może lepsze rozwiązania, jednak jest to w dalszym ciągu praca nad dokładnie tym samym.

Jak wiadomo z różnych źródeł, w przeszłości to skrzypkowie grywali na altówce. Rzadko spotykało się muzyka, który był po prostu altowiolistą, a jeśli już się taki znalazł, to naprawdę był niezdolnym skrzypkiem. Nawet Johann Joachim Quantz pisał, że skrzypkowie, którym zbyt wielką trudność sprawia wykonywanie ich partii powinni grać tylko na altówce, gdyż partia tego instrumentu w orkiestrze jest znacznie prostsza.

Jak wiadomo, jednym z największych wirtuozów był Niccolo Paganini. Nawet osoby, którym do muzyki poważnej daleko znają jego imię! Jednak trzeba mieć na uwadze, że nawet jeśli ktoś ma ogromny talent, to nie jest w stanie nauczyć się wszystkiego samemu, potrzebny jest mu dobry nauczyciel, który rozwiąże bieżące problemy i odpowiednio wprowadzi nowe zagadnienia. I tu pojawia się imię osoby, która sprawowała pieczę nad młodym Paganinim – Alessandro Rolla (1757 – 1841).

Rolla był wirtuozem skrzypiec, dyrygentem, kompozytorem oraz altowiolistą. W 1802 roku objął pozycję koncertmistrza oraz dyrektora artystycznego orkiestry La Scala w Mediolanie. Niezwykle ciekawym jest, że Rolla jest uznawany za muzyka, który po raz pierwszy w historii wykonał publicznie koncert altówkowy. To wielkie wydarzenie miało miejsce w roku 1772 i było także pierwszym publicznym występem młodego Alessandro. Czytając o tej postaci, można znaleźć wzmianki o tym, że skomponował jakieś utwory na altówkę. Pierwsza myśl jaka przyszła mi do głowy, gdy kilka lat temu zaczęłam się nim interesować była: „Naprawdę? Nigdy o nim nie słyszałam!”

Alessandro Rolla skomponował 14 (sic!) koncertów altówkowych, kilka sonat na altówkę z towarzyszeniem skrzypiec, wiolonczeli czy fortepianu, utwory na altówkę z towarzyszeniem orkiestry lub kwartetu smyczkowego, a także duety na dwie altówki oraz na altówkę i skrzypce. Taka ilość repertuaru altówkowego nie wystąpiła u żadnego wcześniejszego kompozytora, biorąc pod uwagę także różnorodność tych dzieł. Oczywiście mogą pojawić się głosy, że ilość nie jest równa jakości i może dzieła Rolli nie są warte uwagi. Odpowiedź na to pytanie można znaleźć jedynie poprzez wgłębienie się w kompozycje włoskiego wirtuoza.

Podczas przeglądania partytur dzieł Alessandro Rolli i słuchania niewielu istniejących nagrań, uznałam, że jego kompozycje są jednymi z lepszych dzieł altówkowych z XVIII wieku! Zawarte w nich trudności wcale nie odbiegają od repertuaru skrzypcowego – znajdują się tam ciągi dwudźwięków, długie pasaże, a harmonika i melodyka są niezwykle interesujące. W jego dziełach można znaleźć wiele wzruszających i poruszających fraz, ja byłam tym wszystkim bardzo zaskoczona! Podczas głębszego studiowania jego dzieł zauważyłam pewne podobieństwa do utworów Paganiniego. To skłoniło mnie do myśli, czy to przypadkiem nie jego nauczyciel – Alessandro Rolla – był twórcą stylu wirtuozowskiego, kojarzonego dzisiaj z Paganinim, a Niccolo Paganini po prostu poszedł o krok dalej, stawiając poprzeczkę znacznie wyżej.

Zastanawiałam się dlaczego obecnie nie wykonuje się dzieł Rolli. Jednym z powodów może być ich dostępność – w większości są one dostępne online, jednak część z nich to niewyraźne manuskrypty, a w niektórych dziełach brakuje jednej lub więcej stron. Kolejnym aspektem mogą być trudności techniczne. Osobiście uważam, że utwory Rolli są bardziej wymagające niż dwa koncerty wspomniane przeze mnie na początku artykułu. Jak już wcześniej pisałam – ówcześnie to skrzypkowie grywali na altówce. Nie mieli oni potrzeby wirtuozowskiej gry na tym instrumencie, ponieważ technikę szlifowali na repertuarze skrzypcowym. Natomiast altowioliści, którzy nie grali na skrzypcach, żyjący w XVIII i XIX wieku, mogący pamiętać Rollę nie byli wystarczająco sprawni technicznie, by wykonywać jego dzieła. Przez to właśnie muzyka Alessandro Rolli brzmi teraz głównie na papierze. Dzisiaj to do nas należy, by dać jej drugie, jakże zasłużone życie.

 

New voices on our blog

By Emilia Campagna - August 30, 2022
We are happy and proud to welcome our Ambassadresses as contributors to Theresia’s blog!

We are happy and proud to welcome our Ambassadresses as contributors to Theresia’s blog! As part of the Ambassadorship program in which they were involved, Anna Krzyżak, Irina Fârtat and Lena Ruisz are now part of the editorial team of the blog. This is one of the outcomes of the four-day co-creation workshop that we held in July, when ICONS’ experts gave them information and explanations about various types of communication.

How to write a blog post was part of the workshop, and we decided to make the experience more complete by suggesting that our Ambassadresses contribute to a real blog, Theresia’s one, seen as a place where they could share and recount their experiences, give their fresh point of view on the music we play, help to increase awareness and knowledge of HIP.

Moreover, as they come from three different European countries, we decided to enhance the chance to reach new readers by publishing in both English and their own language. So, for the first time, you will be able to read their blog posts in turn in Polish, Rumanian and Hungarian!

The first post to be published is by Anna Krzyżak, who helps us discover some hidden gems in the 19-century viola repertoire. Enjoy, and stay tuned for more posts to come!

How to empower the youth: getting to the heart of the Ambassadorship Project

By Emilia Campagna - August 11, 2022
Not only scores and music: Theresia is much more than that, especially for musicians involved in our “Ambassador Project”.

Not only scores and music: Theresia is much more than that, especially for musicians involved in our Ambassadorship Project.

What is the Ambassadorship Project?

Music needs people studying and playing it, but also people able to divulge, communicate and promote it. And not necessarily they have to be different people. Actually, gaining soft skills in the field of communication can empower young musicians and help them build solid careers. That’s at the core of our EU-funded project EMPOWER, an important part of which is trying to engage new audiences, especially the youth, and this is where the Ambassadorship Project catches on. To do so, over the course of three years, a total of nine young musicians, representing nine different European countries, will be Ambassadors and Ambassadresses, embodying and transmitting the core values of classical music and its importance to their countries.

​First to be Ambassadresses are Anna Krzyżak from Poland, Léna Ruisz from Hungary, and Irina Fârtat from Romania, with the task of promoting HIP in their own countries and engaging new audiences through their own and/or Theresia’s activity.

Getting to the heart of the Ambassadorship Project: the workshop

Our job with the Ambassadresses started with an intense four-day co-creation workshop: initially, ICONS’ experts (Social media manager Oyku Dogan, Journalist & Blogger Emilia Campagna, Videomaker Luca Meneghel, and Graphic designer Orazio Di Maria) gave them information and explanations about various types of communication: graphic, multimedia, and written materials, included in a Handbook made available to the participants. From the golden rules in writing a blog post to how to organize graphically information, from managing the process of filming to navigating the over-crowded world of social media: the points experts dealt with in the Handbook were multiple and all of them were sharing a priority: how to define our audience and target, establish our tone of voice and then lay out the hierarchy of information we want to convey.

Particularly, we devoted the first day to jointly discussing the new target audiences, the key messages, and the channels and formats that may better reach a new audience. All three Ambassadresses decided to target different groups of young people: children for Irina, who wants to promote a music atelier; young talented musicians for Anna, who wants to reach the talented young people of the Polish Children’s Fund, a foundation that organizes courses and insights for children (up to 18 years); young musicians studying in the conservatory or university for Léna, who plans to produce in-depth materials on HIP.

Speaking of materials, Ambassadresses were invited right away to put into action what they were learning: during the workshop, they produced videos, leaflets and blog posts. Specifically, they created leaflets to illustrate and promote their own teaching activity or explain to the audience what HIP (historically informed performance) means; videos were even more creative, with tutorials about how to change gut strings and how to put on make-up before a concert. Coming to blog posts… well, you will have the chance to read them because we are going to publish them and keep a special place for Ambassadress’s contributions.

It goes without saying that the experience was extremely positive: Léna enjoyed the friendly atmosphere and the collegiality. I learnt that I am not one for marketing on social media. I am super happy to have a platform (on Theresia’s website) where I have the chance to post in-depth and also lighter articles about early music.” Anna appreciated particularly the first day of the co-creation workshop: “That is because we worked on keywords, and we all got to know what the Ambassador Program is actually about. It was amazing to see how creative everyone was. We inspired each other, and we eventually came up with some nice and catchy sentences. It was a real brainstorm, and it somehow pushed me into creating my own idea of what I want to do as an Ambassador.” Irina was happy that “Every day we did something different, from brainstorming together to learning how to edit video and create materials to attract new audiences. It was a great experience and I love that I get to be still in contact with the creators of the workshop, so I am motivated, and my brain is constantly on fire, trying to come up with new ideas.”

And regarding expectations and possible developments of their careers thanks to things they have learnt, Irina is aware that “in a world that is constantly evolving and changing, if we want classical music to survive, we have to find new ways to bring it closer to the people, and to attract new audiences. This workshop gave me the tools to make myself heard, and to promote culture and classical music, whilst stimulating my creativity and imagination.” Léna reckons that now she hasa better overview of the marketing options thanks to the very well-together-put Handbook by you guys” whereas Anna thinks that “all the things that I learned during the workshop were hugely interesting, and I find them very useful for my musical path. The one that I find the most valuable is that I will learn how to communicate with foundations, institutions etc. Of course, it is a process that will be developed during the years, but I think that this is a very good beginning.”